What bones make up the paranasal sinuses?

Paranasal sinuses are named after the bones that contain them: frontal (the lower forehead), maxillary (cheekbones), ethmoid (beside the upper nose), and sphenoid (behind the nose).

Do horses have paranasal sinuses?

The horse’s head has uniquely adapted itself and developed six pairs of paranasal sinuses—the frontal, sphenopalatine and maxillary sinuses, and the dorsal, middle and ventral conchal sinuses. The maxillary sinus is the largest paranasal sinus and is divided into two parts (rostral and caudal) by a thin septum.

What are the 4 paranasal sinuses?

Four sets of paired sinuses are recognized: maxillary, frontal, sphenoid, and ethmoid (see the image below).

What is the paranasal sinus in the horse that has a direct communication with the nasal cavity?

The major clinically significant sinuses are the frontal and maxillary sinuses. All the sinuses communicate with the nasal cavity directly (maxillary sinuses) or indirectly (dorsal, middle, and ventral conchal sinuses; frontal sinus; and sphenopalatine sinuses) through the maxillary sinus.

How are sinuses formed?

This respiratory mucosa is ciliated and secretes mucus. The ethmoid sinuses are between the orbits. They typically are formed by a series of labyrinths, which vary in number from 3 to 18. These ethmoidal air cells are divided regionally into anterior, middle, and posterior, based on the location of their apertures.

What are the four paranasal sinuses and their location?

Paranasal sinuses are a group of four paired air-filled spaces that surround the nasal cavity. The maxillary sinuses are located under the eyes; the frontal sinuses are above the eyes; the ethmoidal sinuses are between the eyes and the sphenoidal sinuses are behind the eyes.

What is horse sinusitis?

Sinusitis occurs when those cavities become inflamed or infected. Seen in all ages of horses, sinusitis is most commonly caused by an upper respiratory infection. Symptoms of a foul smelling nasal discharge, trouble breathing, and facial swelling can be a signal that your horse needs medical attention.

Why does my horse have a snotty nose?

The common causes of nasal discharge include strangles, sinus infections, tooth problems, and guttural pouch infections. Bilateral (both nostrils) occurs when the source of the mucus is distal to the nasal openings. This would include strangles and guttural pouch infections.

What are the 5 sinuses?

The paranasal sinuses include the following types of sinuses:

• A maxillary sinus in each cheek.
• Between six and 12 ethmoid sinuses on each side of the nose between the eyes.
• A frontal sinus on each side in the forehead.
• A pair of sphenoid sinuses behind the ethmoid sinuses.

What are the five pairs of bony sinuses in the skull?

Nasal and Sinus Anatomy

• Maxillary sinuses (in our cheeks below our eyes)
• Anterior ethmoid sinuses ( a honeycomb of small chambers between our eyes and below the skull base brain)
• Posterior ethmoid sinuses ( honeycomb of sinuses just behind the anterior ethmoid sinuses)
• Frontal sinuses in the forehead region.

What is horse Trephination?

Trephination of the equine sinuses is a common surgical procedure in sedated standing horses. Regardless of the procedure used, appropriate indications for surgery, good patient se- lection, and familiarity with regional anatomy and surgical techniques are imperative to ob- taining good results.

What is a paranasal sinus dog?

The paranasal sinuses are ventilated spaces connected to the nasal cavity. They develop as blind ending pouches between the lamina of the bones of the skull.

What are the equine paranasal sinuses?

The equine paranasal sinuses (PNS) are an intricate area of the head. There are 6 paired sinuses (frontal, maxillary, dorsal conchal, ventral conchal, middle conchal, and sphenopalatine) and all of these spaces communicate with each other and the nasal passage either directly or indirectly.

What are the paranasal sinuses of the skull?

The paranasal sinuses (latin: sinus paranasales) are four bilateral air-filled spaces within bones of the skull surrounding the nasal cavity. Four bones of the skull each accommodates a pair of paranasal sinuses that are named according to the bone in which they are located. The four sinuses are: ethmoid sinus (known as ethmoidal air cells).

Where is the maxillary sinus located in a horse?

In the young horse, 4-6 years of age, the maxillary sinuses are occupied extensively by the reserve crowns of the last four cheek teeth (08 to 11). The roots are contiguous with the vertical plate of bone supporting the infraorbital canal.

What is the difference between ethmoidal sinus and nasal cavity?

The Ethmoidal Sinuses. Anatomy. Superior to the ethmoidal sinus is the anterior cranial fossa and the frontal bone, laterally the orbit can be found, while the nasal cavity is situated medially. The ethmoid sinuses are unique because they are the only paranasal sinuses that are more complex than just a single cavity.