What is hydrodynamic pressure due to earthquake?

Earthquakes can cause substantial hydrodynamic forces in penstocks and pressure tunnels. Depending on foundation conditions (soil type) and length of a penstock or pressure tunnel the maximum hydrodynamic pressures are up to 1 MPa for a peak ground acceleration of 0.3g.

What is hydrodynamic pressure in dam?

Fluid-structure interaction causes a hydrodynamic force, which can be exerted to the dam and affects its response. While in vertical vibration, due to the interaction of the reservoir and the foundation, a significant hydrodynamic pressure is produced in the tank, which increases the dam response.

How are dams affected by earthquakes?

During earthquake shaking abutments and foundations may shift and move allowing the dam to tilt, rotate, or slide and lose structural integrity. Slope failures on or near the dam may allow the reservoir to overtop the dam or failure material to block spillways and outlets.

What type of dam is best suited for an earthquake?

Concrete and embankment dams are much better suited to carry horizontal loads than buildings and bridges. Large dams are required to be able to withstand an earthquake with a return period of about 10,000 years, whereas buildings and bridges are usually designed for an earthquake with a return period of 475 years.

What is hydrodynamic pressure in gravity dam how it is calculated?

In 1933, Westergaard studied the hydrodynamic pressure of the vertical upstream surface of a rigid dam under horizontal earthquake forces, and the approximate formula of hydrodynamic pressure was given by. P=78γan√H0h.

Are dams earthquake proof?

(b) Virtually any well-built dam on a firm foundation can withstand moderate earth- quake shaking, say with peak accelerations of about 0.2g with no detrimental effects.

What are the specifications of an earthquake proof building?

Earthquake resistant constructions are performed as per IS 1893 which gives the criteria for earthquake resistant design structure. 3. The constructions also follow the code IS 13920 which gives ductile detailing of reinforced concrete structures subjected to seismic forces.

Which important factors are most important to distinguish large dam and small dam?

These factors are discussed one by one.

• Topography. Topography dictates the first choice of the type of dam.
• Geological and Foundation Conditions.
• Availability of Materials.
• Spillway Size and Location.
• Earthquake Zone.
• Height of Dam.

What is a hydrodynamic system?

: a branch of physics that deals with the motion of fluids and the forces acting on solid bodies immersed in fluids and in motion relative to them — compare hydrostatics.